This course outline is provided for course reference and student outside study purposes only. The official reference regarding Louisiana Tech flight courses is contained in the appropriate FAA approved Training Course Outlines (TCO). These TCO's are available for purchase at the Department of Professional Aviation office.

REFERENCES: The following references were used in the development of this TCO. Although not a course requirement, student instructors are encouraged to assemble a personal library of pertinent reference material which would include, as a minimum, the following:
FAA AC 60-11B  Aids Authorized For Use By Airmen Written Test Applicants
FAA AC 60-14 Aviation Instructors Handbook
FAA AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making
FAA AC 60-9B Pilot Transition Courses for Complex Single Engine and Light,
    Twin- Engine Airplanes
FAA AC 61-21A  Flight Training Handbook
FAA AC 61-23B   Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
FAA AC 61 27C   Instrument Flying Handbook
FAA AC 61-65C Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
FAA AC 61-67B Stall Spin Awareness Training
FAA AC 61-98A Currency and Additional Qualification Requirements for
    Certified Pilots
FAA AC 61-101 Presolo Written Test
FAA AC 61-112 Flight and Ground Instructor Knowledge Test Guide
FAA AC 61-115 Positive Exchange of Flight Controls Program
FAA AC 91-23A Pilots Weight and Balance Handbook
FAA-S-8081-6 Flight Instructor for Single-Engine Airplane Practical Test
    Standards
FAA-S-8081-12 Commercial Pilot for Single-Engine Airplane Practical Test
    Standards
FAA-S-8081-14 Private Pilot for Single-Engine Airplane Practical Test Standards
FAA/PM-86/45 Aeronautical Decision Making for the Instructor Pilot "Flight
      Instructor", Irvin Gleim, Gleim Publications, Inc
"Flight Instructor Manual", Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc
"Flight/Ground Instructor FAA Written Exam", Irvin N. Gleim, Gleim Publications

LESSON 1 (1 hr): COURSE INTRODUCTION
    Course introduction
    The course objectives
    The Training Course Outline
     Attendance policy
    Classroom procedures and study recommendations.
    Reference material required and/or suggested
    Tests and grading procedures
    Course completion standards
    The requirements for an instructor pilot certificate
    The certification privileges and limitations
    The medical certificate, class and duration
    Training requirements
    Flight instructor regulatory requirements (FAR 61 Subpart G)
    Part 61.183, Eligibility requirements
    Part 61.185, Aeronautical knowledge
    Part 61.187, Flight proficiency
    Part 61.189, Flight instructor records
    Part 61.191, Additional flight instructor ratings
    Part 61.193, Flight instructor authorizations
    Part 61.195, Flight instructor limitations
    Part 61.197, Renewal of flight instructor certificates
    Part 61.199, Renewal of CFI certificates and ratings
        Training requirements under FAA FAR Part 61 and FAA FAR Part 141
        The Recreational, Student and Private pilot
        The Commercial pilot
        The instrument rating
        The Certified Fight instructor
    Publications pertinent to the instructor pilot
    FAA AC 60-14  Aviation Instructors Handbook
    FAA AC 60-22  Aeronautical Decision Making
    FAA AC 61-21A  Flight Training Handbook
    FAA AC 61-23B  Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
    FAA AC 61-27C  Instrument Flying Handbook
    FAA AC 61-65C  Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
    FAA AC 61-67B  Stall Spin Awareness Training
    FAA AC 61-84  The Roll of Preflight Preparation
    FAA AC 61-98A  Currency and Additional Qualification Requirements for
        Certified Pilots
    FAA AC 61-101  Presolo Written Test
    FAA AC 61-112  Flight and Ground Instructor Knowledge Test Guide
    FAA AC 61-115  Positive Exchange of Flight Controls Program
    FAA AC 67-2  Medical Handbook for Pilots
    FAA AC 90-48  The Pilot's Roll in Collision Avoidance
    FAA AC 91-13  Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft
    FAA AC 91-23  The Pilot's Weight and Balance Handbook
    FAA-S-8081-1  Private Pilot Practical Test Standards
    FAA-S-8081-2  Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards
    FAA-S-8081-4  Instrument Practical Test Standards
    FAA-S-8081-6  Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards
    Flight instructor certifications and endorsements
    Authorized logbook entries
    Authorized certifications
    Authorized endorsements

LESSON 2 (1 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTION - THE LEARNING
                                 PROCESS
    The definition of learning
    The characteristics of learning
    Learning is purposeful
    Learning comes through experience
    Learning is multifaceted
    Learning is an active process
    The laws of learning
        Readiness
        Exercise
        Effect
        Intensity
        Recency
    Factors involved in how people learn
        Perceptions
        Insights
        Motivation
    Recognition and proper use of the various levels of learning
    Principles that are applied in a learning skill
    Factors related to forgetting and retention
        Theories of forgetting
        Retention of learning
    How transfer of learning affects the learning process
    How the formation of habit patterns affects the learning process

LESSON 3 (1 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING - HUMAN BEHAVIOR
    Control of human behavior
    Human needs
        Physical
        Safety
        Social
        Egoistic
        Self-fulfillment
    Defense mechanisms
        Rationalism
        Flight
        Aggression
        Resignation
    The instructors role in human relations
    Student motivation
    Keeping the student informed
    Approaching students as individuals
    Giving credit
    Constructive criticism

LESSON 4 (1 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING EFFECTIVE
                                 COMMUNICATION
    The basic elements of the communication process
    Barriers to effective communication

LESSON 5 (1 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING - THE TEACHING PROCESS
    Preparation for a lesson or an instructional period
    Presentation of knowledge and skills, including the methods which are
        suitable in particular situations
    Application, by the student, of the knowledge and skills presented by the
        instructor
    Review of the material presented and the evaluation of student performance
        and accomplishment.

LESSON 6 (1 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING - TEACHING METHODS
    The organization of a lesson, i.e., introduction, development, and conclusion
    The lecture method
    The guided discussion method
    The demonstration-performance method
    Programmed instruction

LESSON 7 (0.5 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING - THE INSTRUCTOR AS
                                    CRITIC
    Purpose of a critique
    Characteristics of an effective critique
    Methods of critique
    Ground rules for critiquing

LESSON 8 (1 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING - EVALUATION
    The purpose of evaluation
    Oral quizzing
    The characteristics of effective oral questions
    Types of oral questions to avoid
    esponses to student questions
    Written tests
    Characteristics of a good test
    Development of effective written tests
    Selection of test items
    Effective item writing
    Principles to follow
    Performance tests
    Characteristics and uses
    The FAA Practical Test Standards

LESSON 9 (0.5 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING - INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
    Theory behind the use of instructional aids
    Reasons for using instructional aids
    Guidelines for the use of instructional aids
    Types of instructional aids
    Future developments

LESSON 10 (1 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING - FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR
                                   CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
    Characteristics
    Professionalism
    Sincerity
    Acceptance of the student
    Personal appearance and habits
    Demeanor
    Safety Practices and accident prevention
    Proper language
    Self improvement
    Helping students learn
    Evaluation of student piloting ability
    The flight instructor as a practical Psychologist
    Student pilot supervision and surveillance
    Flight instructor endorsements
    Flight test recommendations
    Airplane checkouts
    Refresher training

LESSON 11 (1 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING - TECHNIQUES OF FLIGHT
                                    INSTRUCTION
    The "telling and doing" technique
    The integrated technique
    Obstacles to learning during flight instruction

LESSON 12 (1 hr): FUNDAMENTALS OF LEARNING PLANNING
                                    INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY
    The development of a course of training
    The content and use of a training syllabus
    The purpose, characteristics, proper use, and items of a lesson plan
    The flexibility features of a course of training, syllabus, and lesson plan
        required to accommodate students with varying backgrounds, levels of
        experience, and ability.
    Inflight instruction - the lesson plan
    Introducing the lesson
    Principles of lesson delivery
    Individual lesson content
    Lesson plans
    Inflight instruction: Training scenarios

LESSON 13 (1 hr): STAGE ONE FINAL EXAMINATION
The examination shall, as a minimum, consist of at least 50 FAA type multiple choice questions.
Student instructors who pass this examination with at least an 80 percent grade corrected to 100 percent, should be encouraged to take the FAA FOI exam as soon as possible.
The course instructor has the option of certifying the competency of qualified students and replace the final exam with the FAA Fundamentals of Instruction (FOI) Written Examination as their final stage examination.

LESSON 1 (2 hr): INSTRUCTOR PILOT RESPONSIBILITIES
    The course of training
    The training course outline
    Lesson plans
    Instructional briefing guides and instructional aids
    The structure of the ground training lessons
    The transition to the right seat
    Safety considerations
    Collision avoidance
    The transfer of airplane control
    Visual scanning and collision avoidance (PTSFIASEL-IIB)
    Relationship between physical/ mental health and vision
    Environmental conditions that degrade vision
    Optical illusions
    See and avoid concept
    Time sharing attention inside and outside cockpit
    Proper visual scanning technique
    Relationship between poor scanning habits and collision risk
    Proper clearing procedures
    Knowing the airplane blind spots
    Relationship between speed differentials and collision risk
    Situations with the greatest collision risk
    The integrated method of instruction
    Pilot certificates and documents
    Requirements for the issuance of private, commercial, and flight
        instructor pilot certificates and ratings, and the privileges and limitations
        of those certificates and ratings
    Flight instructor privilege and limitations
    Class and duration of medical certificates
    The Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application (FAA Form 8710-1)
    Logbook entries and certificate endorsements (PTSFIASEL-IIP)
    Required logbook entries for instruction given
    Required flight instructor records
    Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including appropriate
        logbook entries
    Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test including
        appropriate logbook entry.
    Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion of
        the required
    FAA flight review endorsement
    Required flight instructor records
    Airplane certificates and documents
    Airworthiness and registration certificates
    Operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, handbooks, and/or
        other manuals
    Weight and balance data, including the equipment list
    Airworthiness directives and compliance records
    Maintenance requirements, tests, and appropriate records
    Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
    Aircraft that require an MEL
    Airworthiness limitations imposed on aircraft operations with inoperative
        instruments or equipment
    Requirements for a letter of authorization from the FAA Flight Standards
        District Office  Supplemental type certificates
    Instrument and equipment exceptions
    Special flight permits
    Procedures for deferring maintenance on aircraft without an approved MEL
    Required instruments and equipment for day VFR and night VFR flight
    Procedures for operating the airplane with inoperative instruments and
        equipment
    Aviation publications: availability, purpose and content
    Advisory circulars
    Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
    Practical test standards
    Airport/Facility Directory
    Pilot's operating handbooks
    FAA approved airplane flight manuals
    Federal Aviation Regulations
    Availability and method of revision
    FAR Part 61, FAR Part 91, and NTSB Part 830
        Purpose
        General content
    The national airspace system
    General dimension of airspace segments
    Operating limitations associated with
        Uncontrolled airspace
        Controlled airspace
        Special use airspace
        Other airspace
    Airport markings, lighting, and communication
    Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway
        markings
    Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway
        lighting
    Radio communications at controlled and uncontrolled airports
    Use of distractions during flight training (PTSFIASEL-IIC)
    Situations where distraction is a cause factor in stall/spin accidents
    Selection of realistic distractions for specific flight situations
    Relationship between division of attention and flight instructor use of
        directions
    Difference between proper use of distractions and harassment
    Aeromedical factors
    Obtaining an appropriate medical certificate
    Obtaining a medical certificate with a medical deficiency
    Hypoxia, symptoms, effects, and corrective action
    Hyperventilation, symptoms, effects, and corrective action
    Middle ear and sinus problems, causes, effects, and corrective action
    Spatial disorientation, causes, effects, and corrective action
    Motion sickness, causes, effects, and corrective action
    The effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to safety
    Carbon monoxide poisoning, symptoms, effects, and corrective action
    The effect of nitrogen excesses from scuba diving
    Fatigue, effects and corrective action

LESSON 2 (3 hr): PRINCIPALS OF FLIGHT AND OPERATION OF SYSTEMS
    Principles of flight
    Airplane and airfoil design characteristics
    Forces acting on an airplane in various flight maneuvers
    Lift and drag creation
    Angle of attack
    Airplane stability and controllability
    Aspect ratio
    Torque effect and correction
    Structural integrity and velocity
    Load factor
    Wingtip vortices and precautions to be taken
    "V" speeds
    Elevators, ailerons and rudder (PTSFIASEL-IIE)
    Purpose of each primary flight control
    Location, attachments, and system of control
    Direction of movement relative to airflow
    Effect on airplane control
    Proper technique for use
    Trim devices
    Purpose for each primary flight control
    Location, attachments, and system of control
    Direction of movement relative to airflow and the primary control surface
    Effect on airplane control
    Proper technique for use
    Wing flaps
    Purpose of each primary flight control
    Various types
    Location, attachments, and system of control
    Effect on airplane control
    Proper technique for use
    The aerodynamics of the airplane stall
    The aerodynamics of the spin
    Operation of systems
    Primary flight controls
    Trim system
    Wing flaps, leading edge devices and spoilers
    Powerplant
    Controls and indicators
    Exhaust gas temperature
    Cooling
    Fire detection
    Induction
    Carburetion and fuel injection
    Ignition systems
    Fuel injection systems components
    Engine driven fuel pump
    Fuel injector unit
    Mixture control
    Alternate air source
    Oil system
        Capacity
        Grade
        Indicators
    Fuel systems
        Fuel selectors
        Fuel monitoring
        Selector controls
        Crossfeed and transfer systems
        Fuel pressure gauges
        Fuel flow gauges
    Fueling procedures
        Approved grade, color, and additives
        Drain valves
    Low level warning
    Turbocharging
        System components
        Wastegate control
        Operational characteristics
        RPM and manifold pressure control
        Heat management
        Overboost control
    Propellers
        Propeller types
        Controls and indicators
        Pretakeoff propeller exercising
        Power application and reduction
        Adverse yaw effects
    Electrical systems
        System components
        Controls and indicators
        Alternators and generators
        Battery and auxiliary power unit
        The electrical bus bar distribution system
        Voltage regulators
        Circuit breakers
        Emergency operations
    External lighting
    Avionics
    Pitot static
    Vacuum/pressure system
        Associated flight instruments
    Autopilot operations
    Hydraulic systems
    Controls and indicators
    Pumps and regulators
    Accumulators
    Landing gear systems
        Hydraulic gear systems
        Electrical gear systems
        Landing gear safety systems
        Position lights and warning horns
        Safety switch
        Emergency extension
    Ice control equipment and systems
        Airplane systems
        Propeller systems
        Operational considerations
    Cabin environmental systems
        Heating
        Cooling and ventilation
        Controls and indicators
        Pressurization systems
    Oxygen systems
        Regulatory requirements
        Distinction between "aviators' breathing oxygen" and other types
        Determining oxygen service availability
        Operational characteristics of continuous flow, pressure demand
        Care and storage of high-pressure oxygen bottles
    Any system unique to the training airplane

LESSON 3 (2 hr): AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
    Performance and limitations
    Factors that effect airplane performance
        Aerodynamic
        Atmospheric
        Density altitude
    True airspeed and altitude computation
    Factors to be considered in determining that the required performance is
        within  the airplane's capabilities.
    Airplane weight and balance
        Weight and balance terms
        Effect of weight and balance on performance
        Methods of weight and balance control
        Weight and balance calculations
        Determining total weight and center of gravity and changes that
            occur when  weight is added, removed or weight is shifted
    Performance and limitations
     Use of performance charts, tables, and other data in determining
        performance in  various phases of flight
    Effects of exceeding limitations
    Determining if the required performance is within the airplane's capabilities
    Takeoff Performance computations
    Accelerate-stop distance
    Accelerate-go distance
    Takeoff performance/distance
    Climb performance
    Computing climb rate and speed
    Climb performance
    Service ceiling
    Cruise Performance
    Cruise power tables
    Range and endurance profiles
    Descent planning and performance
    Glide performance
    Crosswind/headwind component calculations
    Landing distance
    Go-around from rejected landing

LESSON 4 (2 hr): AIRPORT/FLIGHT OPERATIONS
    The visual inspection
    Reasons for the visual inspection
    Use of the checklist
    How defects are detected
    Typical items that should be inspected
    Fuel and oil quantity
    Fuel and oil contamination
    Fuel, oil, and hydraulic leaks
    Oxygen system
    Flight controls
    Structural damage
    Removing tie-downs, chocks, safety pins and control locks
    Ice and frost removal
    Loading and securing baggage, cargo, and equipment
    Determining that the airplane is safe for flight
    Common errors
        Failure to use checklist
        Distractions during the preflight
        Inability to recognize discrepancies
        Failure to assure proper servicing
    Cockpit management
        Arranging and securing essential materials and equipment in the cockpit
        Properly and orderly maintenance of records that reflect flight progress
        Using and adjusting cockpit safety and control items (seat belts, shoulder
            harness, pedals, seats
    Briefing passengers on emergency procedures and use of seat belts
    Common errors
        Failure to place and secure essential materials and equipment for easy
            access
        Failure to maintain accurate flight progress records
        Improper adjustment of equipment and controls
    Engine starting
    Safety precautions related to starting
    Use of external power
    Effect of atmospheric conditions on starting
    Use of checklist
    Adjusting engine controls before and during start
    Preventing airplane movement during and after start
    Common errors
        Failure to use checklist
        Excessively high RPM after start
        Improper preheat in cold weather
        Improper clearance and propeller safety
    Taxiing
    Brake check and use of brakes
    Complying with airport markings, signals, and clearances
    Controlling direction and speed
    Control positioning for various wind conditions
    Techniques to avoid other aircraft and hazards
    Common errors
    Improper use of brakes
    Improper positioning of flight controls for wind
    Taxiing too fast
    Failure to comply with airport markings, signals, and clearances
    Pretakeoff check
    Positioning the airplane considering other aircraft, winds, and surface
        conditions
    Dividing attention inside and outside cockpit
    Using checklist and responding to items
    Assuring suitable temperatures and pressures for run-up and takeoff
    Determining that airplane is safe for flight
    Reviewing takeoff performance, airspeeds, and emergency procedures
    Checking takeoff area for hazards
    Clearing for other traffic
    Common errors
        Improper use of checklist
        Improper positioning
        Acceptance of marginal engine performance
        Improper check of flight controls
        Failure to review performance and/or emergency procedures
        Failure to properly clear for hazards
    Radio communications and ATC light signals
        Selecting appropriate frequency
        Appropriate phraseology and communication procedures
        Receipt, acknowledgment and compliance with ATC clearances and
            instructions
        Procedures if radio fails
    ATC light signals
    Common errors
        Using improper frequencies
        Using improper procedures and phraseology during voice
            communications
        Failure to acknowledge or comply with ATC clearances and instructions
        Failure to understand or properly comply with ATC light signals
    Traffic patterns
    Operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports
    Adhering to traffic pattern procedures, instructions and rules
    Maintaining proper spacing from other traffic
    Maintaining the proper ground track
    Avoiding wind shear and wake turbulence
    Maintaining orientation with the runway
    Traffic pattern altitudes +/- 50 feet
    Traffic pattern airspeeds +/- 5 Kts
    Completing the prelanding checklist
    Establishing a final approach at an appropriate distance from the runway
    Use of check-list
    Common errors
        Failure to comply with pattern instructions, procedures, and rules
        Improper correction for wind drift
        Inadequate spacing from other traffic
        Poor altitude/airspeed control
    Airport and runway markings and lighting
    Identifying and interpreting airport runway and taxiway markings
    Identifying and interpreting airport runway and taxiway lighting
    Normal and crosswind takeoff and climb (PTSFIASEL-VIIA)
    Reviewing wind conditions
    Takeoff hazards
    The use of wing flaps
    Aligning the airplane with the centerline
    Positioning the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions
    Power application to takeoff power
    Maintaining directional control and wind drift
    Crosswind control techniques during acceleration
    Lift-off attitude and airspeed
    Climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (Vy)
    Crosswind control techniques and tracking during initial climb
    Retracting gear and flaps
    Use of checklist
    Common errors
        Not positioning for maximum use of available runway
        Improper initial positioning of flight controls
        Improper power application
        Removing hand from the throttle
        Poor directional control
        Improper use of ailerons
        Improper pitch attitude at lift-off
        Improper climb configuration and airspeed
        Drifting off track during the climb
    Short-field takeoff and climb (PTSFIASEL-VI
    Reviewing wind conditions
    Takeoff and climbing hazards, especially obstacles
    The use of wing flaps
    Positioning and aligning the airplane for minimum runway
    Positioning the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions
    Power application to takeoff power
    Maintaining directional control and wind drift
    Crosswind control techniques during acceleration
    Lift-off attitude and airspeed
    Climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (Vx) until obstacle is cleared
    Crosswind control techniques and tracking during initial climb
    Retracting gear and flaps
    Use of checklist
    Common errors
        Not positioning for maximum use of available runway
        Improper initial positioning of flight controls
        Improper power application
        Removing hand from the throttle
        Poor directional control
        Improper use of brakes
        Improper pitch attitude at lift-off
        Improper climb configuration and airspeed
        Drifting off track during the climb
    Soft-field takeoff and climb
    The transfer of weight from the nose gear to wings as rapidly as possible
    Reviewing wind conditions and takeoff surface
    The use of wing flaps
    Aligning the airplane for takeoff without stopping
    Positioning the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions
    Power application to takeoff power
    Maintaining directional control and wind drift
    Crosswind control techniques during acceleration
    Lift-off attitude and airspeed
    Climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (Vy)
    Crosswind control techniques and tracking during initial climb
    Retracting gear and flaps
    Use of checklist
    Common errors
        Improper initial positioning of flight controls or flaps
        Allowing airplane to stop prior to takeoff roll
        Improper power application
        Removing hand from the throttle
        Poor directional control
        Improper use of brakes
        Improper pitch attitude at lift-off
        Settling back to takeoff surface after liftoff
        Improper climb configuration and airspeed
        Drifting off track during the climb
    Straight and level flight
    The effect and use of flight controls
    The integrated flight instruction method
    Using outside and instrument references for pitch, bank, and power control
    Cross checking and interpreting these references
    Using the proper control techniques
    Trim technique
    Overcoming tenseness and overcontrolling
    Common errors
        Failure to crosscheck and interpret outside and instrument references
        Applying control movements rather than pressures
        Uncoordinated use of flight controls
        Faulty trim technique
    Level turns
    The effect and use of the flight controls
    The integrated flight instruction method
    Using outside and instrument references for pitch, bank, and power
            control
    Cross checking and interpreting these references
    Using the proper control techniques
    Trim technique
    Overcoming tenseness and overcontrolling
    Common errors
        Failure to crosscheck and interpret outside and instrument references
        Applying control movements rather than pressures
        Uncoordinated use of flight controls
        Faulty altitude and bank control
    Straight climbs and climbing turns
    The effect and use of the flight controls
    The integrated flight instruction method
    Using outside and instrument references for pitch, bank, and power control
    Cross checking and interpreting these references
    Using the proper control techniques
    Trim technique
    Overcoming tenseness and overcontrolling
    Common errors
        Failure to crosscheck and interpret outside and instrument references
        Applying control movements rather than pressures
        Improper correction for torque effect
        Faulty trim technique
    Straight descents and descending turns
    The effect and use of the flight controls
    The integrated flight instruction method
    Using outside and instrument references for pitch, bank, and power control
    Cross checking and interpreting these references
    Using the proper control techniques
    Trim technique
    Overcoming tenseness and overcontrolling
    Common errors
        Failure to crosscheck and interpret outside and instrument references
        Applying control movements rather than pressures
        Uncoordinated use of flight controls
        Faulty trim technique
        Failure to clear engine and use carburetor heat as appropriate
    Normal and crosswind approach and landing
    Determining landing performance and limitations
    Configuration, power, and trim
    Considering obstructions and hazards
    Establishing a stabilized approach to the selected landing area at the
        recommended
    Airspeed
    Coordination of flight controls
    Maintaining a precise ground track
    Avoiding wind shear and wake turbulence
    Crosswind techniques
    Proper timing, judgment, and control technique during the roundout and
        touchdown
    Directional control after touchdown
    Use of brakes
    Use of checklist
    Common errors
        Improper use of landing performance data and limitations
        Failure to establish approach and landing configuration at the proper time
            or in the proper sequence
        Failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach
        Inappropriate removal of hand from throttle
        Improper technique for roundout and touchdown
        Poor directional control after touchdown
        Improper use of brakes
    Forward slip to landing
        Configuration, power, and trim
        Considering obstructions and hazards
        Establishing a stabilized slip at the appropriate airspeed to the selected
            landing area
        Possible airspeed indicator errors
        Proper application of flight controls
        Maintaining a precise ground track while slipping
        Effect and avoiding wind shear and wake turbulence
        Proper timing, judgment, and control technique during the roundout and
        touchdown
    Directional control after touchdown
    Use of brakes
    Use of checklist
    Common errors
        Improper use of landing performance data and limitations
        Failure to establish approach and landing configuration at the proper time
            or in the proper sequence
        Failure to establish and maintain a stabilized slip
        Inappropriate removal of hand from throttle
        Improper technique during transition from slip to roundout and touchdown
        Poor directional control after touchdown
        Improper use of brakes
    Go-around
        Situations where a go-around is necessary
        Making the timely decision
        Application of takeoff power when go-around decision is made
        Establishing proper pitch attitude
        Flap retraction
        Use of trim
        Gear retraction
        Establishing climb speed Vy within +/- 5 kts
        Maintaining proper track and obstruction clearance
        Use of checklist
    Common errors
        Failure to recognize when a go-around is necessary
        Delaying decision to go-around
        Improper power application
        Failure to control pitch attitude
        Failure to compensate for torque
        Improper trim technique
        Failure to maintain proper airspeed
        Improper flap and/or flap retraction
        Failure to maintain ground track during climb out
        Failure to maintain clearance from obstructions and traffic
    Short field approach and landing
        Determining landing performance and limitations
        Configuration and trim
        Use of pitch and power to maintain desired approach angle
        Considering obstructions and hazards
        Effect of wind
        Selecting a suitable touchdown point
        Maintaining the stabilized approach and recommended airspeed within
            +/- 5 kts.
        Coordination of flight controls
         Maintaining a precise ground track
         Proper timing, judgment, and control technique during the roundout and
            touchdown
        Directional control after touchdown
        Use of brakes
        Use of checklist
        Common errors
            Improper use of landing performance data and limitations
            Failure to establish approach and landing configuration at the proper
                time or in the proper sequence
            Failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach
            Improper technique in use of power, flaps and trim
            Inappropriate removal of hand from throttle
            Improper technique during transition from slip to roundout and
                touchdown
            Poor directional control after touchdown
            Improper use of brakes
    Soft-field approach and landing
        Determining landing performance and limitations
        Configuration and trim
        Considering obstructions and hazards
        Effect of wind
        Selecting a suitable touchdown point
        Maintaining the stabilized approach and recommended airspeed within
            +/- 5 kts.
        Coordination of flight controls
        Maintaining a precise ground track
        Proper timing, judgment, and control technique during the roundout and
            touchdown
        Touching down in a nose high attitude at the minimum safe speed
        Use of power during the touchdown
        Directional control after touchdown
        Use of checklist
        Common errors
            Improper use of landing performance data and limitations
            Failure to establish approach and landing configuration at the proper
                time or in the  proper sequence
            Failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach
            Failure to consider effect of wind and landing surface
            Improper technique in use of power, flaps and trim
            Inappropriate removal of hand from throttle
            Improper technique during roundout and touchdown
            Failure to hold back elevator after landing
            Closing throttle too soon after touchdown
            Poor directional control after touchdown
            Improper use of brakes
    Postflight procedures
    After landing procedures including local and ATC procedures
    Parking while considering wind conditions and obstacles
    Ramp safety, parking hand signals
    Procedures for shutdown
    Deplaning passengers
    Securing airplane
    Postflight inspection
    Refueling
    Completion of checklist
    Pilot logbook and flight record entries
    Common errors
        Failure to follow recommended procedures
        Poor planning, improper technique, or faulty judgment in performance of
            postflight procedures

LESSON 5 (2 hr): STALL AND SPIN MANEUVERS
Power-on stalls (PTSFIASEL-IXA)
Aerodynamics of power-on stalls
 Relationship of the various factors such as landing gear, flaps, weight, center of gravity,
load factor, and bank angle to stall speed
Flight situations where an unintentional power-on stall may occur
 Recognition of the first indication of stall
 Power-on stalls in climbing flight (straight and turning)
 Entry technique and minimum altitude
 Coordination of flight controls
 Recover with minimum loss of altitude
 Common errors
  Improper configuration prior to entry
  Improper pitch, heading, and bank control (straight ahead)
  Improper pitch and bank control (turning)
  Rough or uncoordinated control technique
  Failure to recognize first stall indication
  Failure to achieve a stall
  Improper torque correction
  Poor stall recognition and late recovery
  Excessive altitude loss
  Secondary stall during the recovery
Power-off stalls
Aerodynamics of power-off stalls
 Relationship of the various factors such as landing gear, flaps, weight, center of gravity,
load factor, and bank angle to stall speed
Flight situations where an unintentional power-off stall may occur
 Recognition of the first indication of stall
 Power-off stalls in descent flight (straight and turning)
 Entry technique and minimum altitude
 Coordination of flight controls
 Recover with minimum loss of altitude
 Common errors
  Improper configuration prior to entry
  Improper pitch, heading, and bank control (straight ahead)
  Improper pitch and bank control (turning)
  Rough or uncoordinated control technique
  Failure to recognize first stall indication
  Failure to achieve a stall
  Improper torque correction
  Poor stall recognition and late recovery
  Excessive altitude loss
  Secondary stall during the recovery
Cross-control stalls
Aerodynamics of cross-control stalls
 Effects of crossed controls in gliding or reduced airspeed descending turns
 Hazards of crossed controls in a base to final turn
 Entry technique and minimum altitude
 Recognition of the first indication of stall
 Flight situations where an unintentional cross-control stall may occur
 Recover with minimum loss of altitude
 Common errors
  Improper configuration prior to entry
Failure to establish cross-control turn and stall condition that adequately
demonstrates stall
Improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition and recovery
  Failure to present instruction that emphasizes the hazards of a crossed control
condition in a gliding or reduced airspeed condition
Improper pitch, heading, and bank control (straight ahead)
  Improper pitch and bank control (turning)
  Rough or uncoordinated control technique
  Failure to recognize first stall indication
  Failure to achieve a stall
  Improper torque correction
   Poor stall recognition and late recovery
   Excessive altitude loss
Secondary stall during the recovery
Elevator trim stalls
Aerodynamics of cross-control stalls
 Hazards of inadequate control pressures to compensate for thrust, torque, and up-elevator
trim during go-arounds and other maneuvers
Entry technique and minimum altitude
 Recognition of the first indication of stall
 Immediate recovery when stall is recognized
Flight situations where an unintentional cross-control stall may occur
 Recovery with minimum loss of altitude
 Common errors
  Improper configuration prior to entry
  Failure to establish the thrust, torque, and up-elevator trim conditions for a realistic    demonstration
Improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition and recovery
  Failure to present instruction that emphasizes the hazards of poor correction
for torque and up-elevator trim during go-arounds
Secondary stalls
Aerodynamics of cross-control stalls
 Flight situations where an unintentional cross-control stall may occur
 Hazards of secondary stalls during stall and spin recoveries
 Entry technique and minimum altitude
 Recognition of the first indication of stall
 Recovery with minimum loss of altitude
 Common errors
  Improper configuration prior to entry
  Improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition and recovery
  Failure to establish a condition that will cause a secondary stall
  Failure to present instruction that emphasizes the hazards of poor technique in
   recovering from a primary stall
Spins
Aerodynamics of the spin
 Airplanes approved for spins based on category and airworthiness certificate
 Relationship of various factors such as configuration, weight, CG, and control
coordination to spins
Flight situations where an unintentional spin may occur
 Recognizing and recovering from an imminent, unintentional spin
 Entry technique and minimum altitude
 Control technique for maintaining the spin
 Orientation during the spin
 Recovery technique for minimum altitude loss
 Coping with the anxiety of the spin
Common errors
  Failure to establish proper configuration prior to entry
  Failure to achieve and maintain a stall during entry
  Failure to close throttle during the entry
  Failure to recognize the indications of an imminent, unintentional spin
  Improper use of flight controls during the entry, rotation, or recovery
  Disorientation
  Failure to recognize the difference between a spin and a high-speed spiral
  Excessive speed or accelerated stall during the recovery
  Failure to recover with minimum loss of altitude
  Attempting to spin an airplane not approved for spins
Maneuvering during slow flight
Relationship of configuration, weight, CG, Maneuvering loads, bank angle, and
power to the flight characteristics and controllability
Relationship of the maneuver to critical flight situations, such as go-arounds
 Performance of the maneuver with various landing gear and flap configurations
during straight and level and turning flight
Specified airspeed for the maneuver
 Coordination of the flight controls
 Trim technique
 Re-establishing cruise flight
 Common errors
  Failure to establish proper entry configuration
  Improper entry technique
  Failure to establish and maintain specified airspeed
  Excessive variations of altitude, heading, and bank when they are specified
  Rough or uncoordinated control technique
  Faulty trim technique
  Unintentional stall
  Inappropriate removal of hand from the throttle

LESSON 6 (2 hr): PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
Steep turns
Relationship of bank angle, load factor, and stalling speed
 Overbanking tendency
 Torque effect in right and left turns
 Selecting proper entry altitude to recover above 3,000 feet
 Coordination of flight controls
 Differential wing drag
 Establishing the recommended entry airspeed within +/- 5 kts
Entering the turn with a 50 degree bank +/- 5 degrees followed by a 360 degree turn
 Dividing attention between airplane control and orientation
 Altitude, bank, and power control during the turn
 Rolling out on entry heading within +/- 5 degrees
 Maintaining altitude within +/-10 feet
 Common errors
  Improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry and rollout
  Uncoordinated use of flight controls
  Inappropriate control application
  Correcting for altitude deviations improperly
  Loss of orientation
  Excessive deviation from desired heading during the rollout
Chandelles
Selection of suitable entry altitude
 Entry airspeed and power setting
 Entry technique, including power application
 Division of attention and planning
 Coordination of flight controls
 Pitch and bank attitudes at various points during the maneuver
 Correction for torque in left and right maneuvers
 Achieving the maximum performance
 Completion technique
Common errors
  Improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during the entry and completion
  Uncoordinated use of flight controls
  Improper planning and timing of pitch and bank attitude changes
  Failure to achieve maximum performance
  Stalling during the maneuver
  Excessive deviation from desired heading during the completion
Lazy eights
Selection of suitable entry altitude
 Selection of reference points
 Entry airspeed and power setting
 Entry technique
 Orientation, division of attention, and planning
 Coordination of flight controls
 Pitch and bank attitudes at various points during the maneuver
 Consistent airspeed and altitude control at key points during the maneuver
 Correction for torque in left and right maneuvers
 Loop symmetry
 Making constant rate pitch and bank attitude changes throughout the maneuver
 Common errors
  Poor selection of reference points
  Uncoordinated use of flight controls
  Unsymmetrical loops resulting from poorly planned pitch and bank attitude
changes
Inconsistent altitude and airspeed at key points
  Loss of orientation
  Excessive deviation from reference points

LESSON 7 (2 hr): GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
Rectangular course
Selecting the entry altitude
 Selecting the ground reference with consideration to an emergency landing
 Maintaining orientation, division of attention, and planning
 Entry configuration and airspeed
 Relationship to a rectangular course to an airport traffic pattern
 Wind drift correction
 Maintaining desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from ground reference line
 Timing turn entries and rollouts
 Coordinating flight controls
Common errors
  Poor planning, orientation, or division of attention
  Uncoordinated flight control application
  Improper drift correction
  Failure to maintain altitude or airspeed
  Selecting a ground reference where there is no suitable emergency landing area within
gliding distance
S-turns across a road
Selecting a suitable altitude
 Selecting the ground reference with consideration to an emergency landing
 Maintaining orientation, division of attention, and planning
 Entry configuration and airspeed
 Wind drift correction
 Tracking semicircles of equal radii on either side of the ground reference line
 Maintaining desired altitude and airspeed
 Turn reversal over the reference ground line
 Coordination of flight controls
Common errors
   Faulty entry technique
  Poor planning, orientation, or division of attention
  Uncoordinated flight control application
  Improper drift correction
  An unsymmetrical ground track
  Failure to maintain altitude or airspeed
  Selecting a ground reference where there is no suitable emergency landing area within
gliding distance
Turns about a point
Selecting a suitable altitude
Selecting the ground reference with consideration to an emergency landing
Maintaining orientation, division of attention, and planning
Entry configuration and airspeed
Entry technique
Wind drift correction
Tracking semicircles of equal radii on either side of the ground reference line
Maintaining desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from reference point
Coordination of flight controls
Common errors
Faulty entry technique
Poor planning, orientation, or division of attention
Uncoordinated flight control application
Improper drift correction
Failure to maintain altitude or airspeed
Selecting a ground reference where there is no suitable emergency landing
area within gliding distance
Eights on pylons
Determining the approximate pivotal altitude
 Selecting suitable pylons with consideration for emergency landing areas
 Maintaining orientation, division of attention, and planning
 Entry configuration and airspeed
 Relationship of groundspeed change to the performance of the maneuver
 The pilot's line of sight on the pylon
 Entry technique
 Maintaining line of sight on the pylon
 Timing the turn entries and rollout
 Correcting for drift between pylons
Coordination of flight controls
Common errors
  Faulty entry technique
Poor planning, orientation, or division of attention
Uncoordinated flight control application
Use of improper line of sight reference
Application of rudder alone to maintain line of sight on the pylons
Improper timing of turn entries and rollouts
Improper correction for wind drift
Selecting a ground reference pylons where there is no suitable emergency
landing area within gliding distance

LESSON 8 (1 hr): INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS
Straight and level flight
Instrument crosscheck, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
 Instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control
 Trim technique
 Common errors
  Fixation, omission, and emphasis errors during the crosscheck
  Improper instrument interpretation
  Improper control applications
  Failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during altitude, heading,
   or airspeed corrections
  Faulty trim technique
Straight and constant airspeed climbs
Instrument crosscheck, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
 Instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the climb
and during the level-off and how those instruments are used to maintain
climb heading and airspeed
Trim technique
 Common errors
  Fixation, omission, and emphasis errors during the crosscheck
  Improper instrument interpretation
  Improper control applications
  Failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during altitude, heading,
   or airspeed corrections
  Improper entry or level-off technique
  Faulty trim technique
Straight and constant airspeed descents
Instrument crosscheck, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
 Instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the descent
and during the level-off and how those instruments are used to maintain descent
heading and airspeed
Trim technique
 Common errors
  Fixation, omission, and emphasis errors during the crosscheck
  Improper instrument interpretation
  Improper control applications
  Failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during altitude, heading,
   or airspeed corrections
  Improper entry or level-off technique
  Faulty trim technique
Turns to headings
Instrument crosscheck, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
 Instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during turn entry, during the turn
 and during the roll-out and how those instruments are used
Trim technique
 Common errors
  Fixation, omission, and emphasis errors during the crosscheck
  Improper instrument interpretation
  Improper control applications
  Failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during altitude, heading,
   or airspeed corrections
  Improper entry or roll-out technique
  Faulty trim technique
Recovery from unusual attitudes
Conditions and situations that may result in an unusual flight attitude
 The two basic unusual flight attitudes
  Nose high (climbing turn)
  Nose low (descending turn)
Recognizing an unusual attitude
 Control sequence for recovery from nose-high attitude and reasons for that sequence
 Control sequence for recovery from nose-low attitude and reasons for that sequence
 Reasons why recovery should be coordinated
 Common errors
  Failure to recognize the unusual attitude
  Attempting to recover by feel rather than by instrument indications
  Inappropriate control applications
  Failure to recognize during the recovery when the airplane is passing through
   Level flight
Radio aids and radar services
Situations that would require the use of radio aids or radar assistance
 Available radio aids and radar services
 Determining the minimum safe altitude
 Procedures for using a radio aid or radar service
 Common errors
  Delaying the use of a radio aid or in obtaining radar assistance
  Failing to properly control the airplane
  Failure to properly select, tune, or identify a radio facility
  Failure to maintain a safe altitude

LESSON 9 (1 hr): CROSS-COUNTRY AND NIGHT FLYING
Navigation and flight planning
Terms used in navigation
The sectional chart
Features of aeronautical charts
Importance of using the proper and current chart
Identification of various types of airspace
Plotting a course
Selection of fuel stops
Alternatives in the event of unforeseen situations
Fundamentals of pilotage and dead reckoning
Fundamentals of radio navigation
ADF/NDB
 VOR/VORTAC
The cockpit indicators
RBI
 RMI
 HSI
 CDI
 DME
Orientation, homing, track interception, tracking
Time and distance checks using ADF and VOR
Off course corrections
Diversion to an alternate
Lost procedures
Computation of fuel consumption
Preparing and using the flight planning log
Weather check and the go/no-go decision
The flight plan including purpose and filing procedures
Night operations
Physiological factors associated with night flight.
Night weather considerations.
 Factors related to night vision
 Disorientation and night optical illusions
 Having a flashlight with a red lens
 The night preflight
 Keeping the windshield and windows clean
 Adjustment of interior lights
 Airplane lighting.
 Engine starting procedures
 The use of position and anti-collision lights prior to start
 Taxiing and orientation on an airport
 The night takeoff and climbout
The takeoff with darkened terrain.
 Maintaining orientation
 Use of flight instruments at night
 Importance of verifying the airplane's attitude by reference to flight instruments
 Night VFR navigation techniques and procedures including weather problems,
radio aids, and radar.
Recovery from critical flight attitudes at night
 Coping with emergencies at night
  Inadvertent flight into instrument flight conditions
  Electrical malfunctions and failure
  Aircraft malfunctions.
  Communication problems.
  Navigation problems.
  Engine malfunctions
  Emergency landing
Airport lighting.
Traffic patterns
Approaches and landings with and without landing lights
Go-arounds at night

LESSON 10 (1 hr): AVIATION SAFETY AND THE INSTRUCTOR PILOT
Emergency approach and landing
Establishing glide speed and configuration
 Selecting a suitable landing area
 Planning and executing the approach
 Use of checklist
 Trouble shooting malfunction
 Division of attention between flying the approach and accomplishing the emergency checklist
 Techniques to compensate for under or over shooting the selected landing area
 Common errors
  Improper airspeed control
  Poor judgment in selecting landing area
  Failure to estimate the approximate wind speed and direction
  Failure to fly a suitable pattern for the situation
  Failure to accomplish checklist items
  Under or over shooting landing area
Systems and equipment malfunctions
Smoke, fire, or both during ground and flight operations
 Rough running engine or partial power loss
 Loss of oil pressure
 Fuel starvation
 High oil temperature
 Engine overheat
 Hydraulic system malfunction
 Electrical system malfunction
 Carburetor or induction icing
 Door or window opening in flight
 Inoperative or runaway trim
 Landing gear or flap malfunction
 Brake failure
 Pressurization malfunction
 Any system or equipment malfunction of training airplane
Emergency equipment
Location in airplane
 Method of operation
 Servicing requirements
 Method of safe storage
Survival gear
Gear appropriate for operations in various climates
 Location in airplane
 Method of operation
 Servicing requirements
 Method of safe storage
Proper use and/or adjustment of such cockpit items as safety belts, shoulder harness,
rudder pedals, and seats
Occupant briefing on emergency procedures and use of safety belts
Airplane servicing requirements and procedures for
Fuel
 Oil
 Tires
 Battery

LESSON 11 (1 hr): HIGH PERFORMANCE AND COMPLEX AIRPLANES
Airplane preflight
Checklist and cockpit management
Taxiing
Takeoff
Short field
 Soft field
 At maximum gross weight
 Flap configurations for takeoff
Retractable landing gear operation procedures
Constant speed propeller fundamentals and operating procedures
Higher performance engine operations
Aircraft systems
Hydraulic
 Fuel
 Ventilation
 Fuel injection
 Weight and balance
 Aircraft handbook including performance charts
Airplane flight characteristics
Takeoff
 Cruise
 Landing
 Stalls
 Slow flight
 Glide
High altitude operation
Regulatory requirements for use of oxygen
 Physiological hazards associated with high altitude operations
 Characteristics of the pressurized airplane
 Various types of supplemental oxygen systems
 Importance of "aviators breathing oxygen"
 Care and storage of high pressure oxygen bottles
 Problems associated with rapid decompression and solutions
Emergency procedures
Gear extension
 Runaway propeller
 Forced landing (gear up or down)
Slow flight
Stalls
Power-on
 Power-off
Steep turns
Commercial maneuvers
Chandelles
 Lazy eights
 Eights-on-pylon
Pattern and landing procedures
Go-around procedures
Emergency procedures
Emergency gear extension
 Engine failure with runway as a landing site
 Engine failure
 Electrical failure
 No-flap operations
Normal landings (full flap)
Go-arounds
Normal landings (full flap)
Cross wind landings
Go-arounds
High altitude operations
Regulatory requirements for use of oxygen
 Physiological hazards associated with high altitude operations
 Characteristics of a pressurized airplane and various types of supplemental oxygen systems
 Importance of "aviators' breathing oxygen"
 Care and storage of high-pressure oxygen bottles
 Problems associated with rapid decompression and corresponding solutions

LESSON 12 (1 hr): STAGE TWO FINAL EXAMINATION
The examination shall, as a minimum, consist of at least 50 FAA-type multiple choice questions. This examination completes the requirements for Professional Aviation 414.