PA410 – MULTI-ENGINE PILOT FLIGHT
PA410 – MULTI-ENGINE PILOT FLIGHT
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This course outline is provided for course reference and student outside study purposes only. The official reference regarding Louisiana Tech flight courses is contained in the appropriate FAA approved Training Course Outlines (TCO). These TCO's are available for purchase at the Department of Professional Aviation office.
LESSON 1 (1 hr
ORAL): FLIGHT TRAINING COURSE INTRODUCTION
Flight training course introduction
The course objectives
The Training Course Outline
Scheduling procedures and attendance policy
Lesson plans
Instructional briefing guides and instructional aids
The structure of the flight training lessons
Reference material required and/or suggested
Grading standards
Grading procedures
Course completion standards
Flight training policies
Local flight training areas
Review of the student instructor's certificates and training records
Pilot certification privileges and limitations
Medical certificate, class and duration
Flight training records
Review flight instructor regulatory requirements (FAR 61)
Federal Aviation Regulations
Availability and method of revision
FAR Part 61, FAR Part 91, and NTSB Part 830
Purpose
General content
Flight instructor privilege and limitations
Class and duration of medical certificates
The Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application (FAA Form 8710-1)
Part 61.183, Eligibility requirements
Part 61.185, Aeronautical knowledge
Part 61.187, Flight proficiency
Part 61.189, Flight instructor records
Part 61.191, Additional flight instructor ratings
Part 61.193, Flight instructor authorizations
Part 61.195, Flight instructor limitations
Part 61.197, Renewal of flight instructor certificates
Part 61.199, Renewal of CFI certificates and ratings
Review flight training requirements (Part 61 and Part 141)
The recreational, Student and Private Pilot
The Commercial pilot
The instrument rating
The Certified Fight instructor
Review references pertinent to instructor pilot responsibilities
FAA AC 60-14 Aviation Instructors Handbook
FAA AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making
FAA AC 61-21A Flight Training Handbook
FAA AC 61-23B Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
FAA AC 61 27C Instrument Flying Handbook
FAA AC 61-65C Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
FAA AC 61-67B Stall Spin Awareness Training
FAA AC 61-84 The Roll of Preflight Preparation
FAA AC 61-98A Currency and Additional Qualification
Requirements for Certified Pilots
FAA AC 61-101 Pre-solo Written Test
FAA AC 61-112 Flight and Ground Instructor Knowledge Test
Guide
FAA AC 61-115 Positive Exchange of Flight Controls Program
FAA AC 67-2 Medical Handbook for Pilots
FAA AC 90-48 The Pilot's Roll in Collision Avoidance
FAA AC 91-13 Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft
FAA AC 91-23 The Pilot's Weight and Balance
Handbook
FAA-S-8081-1 Private Pilot Practical Test
Standards
FAA-S-8081-2 Commercial Pilot Practical Test
Standards
FAA-S-8081-4 Instrument Practical Test Standards
FAA-S-8081-6 Flight Instructor Practical
Test Standards
Aviation publications: availability, purpose and content
Advisory circulars
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
Practical test standards
Airport/Facility Directory
Pilot's operating handbooks
FAA approved airplane flight manuals
Logbook entries and certificate endorsements
Required logbook entries for instruction given
Required flight instructor records
Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including appropriate
logbook
entries
Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion
of
the required FAA flight review
endorsement
Required flight instructor records
Airplane certificates and documents
Airworthiness and registration certificates
Operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, handbooks,
and/or other manuals
Weight and balance data, including the equipment list
Airworthiness directives and compliance records
Maintenance requirements, tests, and appropriate records
Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
Aircraft that require an MEL
Airworthiness limitations imposed on aircraft operations with
inoperative
instruments or equipment
Required instruments and equipment for day VFR and night VFR flight
Procedures for operating the airplane with inoperative instruments and
equipment
The transition to the right seat
Safety considerations
Collision avoidance
The transfer of airplane control
Visual scanning and collision avoidance
See and avoid
concept
Time sharing
attention inside and outside cockpit
Proper
visual scanning technique
Proper
clearing procedures
Knowing
the airplane blind spots
Relationship
between airplane speed differential and collision risk
Situations
with the greatest collision risk
The integrated
method of instruction
Use of distractions
during flight training (PTSFIASEL-IIC)
Situations where
distraction is a cause factor in stall/spin accidents
Selection
of realistic distractions for specific flight situations
Relationship
between division of attention and flight instructor use of directions
Difference
between proper use of distractions and harassment
Student instructor/instructor
responsibilities
Weather procurement
Airplane
maintenance documentation
Airplane
weight and balance
Lesson
pre-brief
Preflight
walk-around
Engine
starting
Safety precautions
related to engine starting
Use of
checklist
Taxiing
Analysis
and correction of common errors
Takeoff
Airwork
Postflight
operations and procedures
Flight debrief,
critique and evaluation procedures
Lesson record
keeping requirements
LESSON 2 (1 hr):
AIRPORT/FLIGHT OPERATIONS PERFORMANCE
The visual inspection
(PTSFIASEL-VA)
Reasons for the
visual inspection
Use of
the checklist
How defects
are detected
Typical
items that should be inspected
Fuel and
oil quantity
Fuel and
oil contamination
Fuel,
oil, and hydraulic leaks
Oxygen
system
Flight
controls
Structural
damage
Removing
tie-downs, chocks, safety pins and control locks
Ice and
frost removal
Loading and securing
baggage, cargo, and equipment
Determining
that the airplane is safe for flight
Common
errors
Failure
to use checklist
Distractions
during the preflight
Inability
to recognize discrepancies
Failure
to assure proper servicing
Cockpit management
Arranging and
securing essential materials and equipment in the cockpit
Properly
and orderly maintenance of records that reflect flight progress
Using and adjusting
cockpit safety and control items (seat belts, shoulder
harness, pedals,
seats, and etc.
Briefing passengers
on emergency procedures and use of seat belts
Common
errors
Failure
to place and secure essential materials and equipment
for easy access
Failure
to maintain accurate flight progress records
Improper
adjustment of equipment and controls
Engine starting
Safety precautions
related to starting
Use of
external power
Effect
of atmospheric conditions on starting
Use of
checklist
Adjusting
engine controls before and during start
Preventing
airplane movement during and after start
Common
errors
Failure
to use checklist
Excessively
high RPM after start
Improper
preheat in cold weather
Improper
clearance and propeller safety
Taxiing
Brake check and
use of brakes
Complying
with airport markings, signals, and clearances
Controlling
direction and speed
Control
positioning for various wind conditions
Techniques
to avoid other aircraft and hazards
Common
errors
Improper
use of brakes
Improper
positioning of flight controls for wind
Taxiing
too fast
Failure
to comply with airport markings, signals, and
clearances
Pretakeoff check
Positioning the
airplane considering other aircraft, winds, and surface conditions
Dividing
attention inside and outside cockpit
Using checklist
and responding to items
Assuring
suitable temperatures and pressures for run-up and takeoff
Determining
that airplane is safe for flight
Reviewing
takeoff performance, airspeeds, and emergency procedures
Checking
takeoff area for hazards
Clearing
for other traffic
Common
errors
Improper
use of checklist
Improper
positioning
Acceptance
of marginal engine performance
Improper check
of flight controls
Failure to review
performance and/or emergency procedures
Failure to properly
clear for hazards
Radio communications
and ATC light signals (PTSFIASEL-VIA)
Selecting
appropriate frequency
Appropriate
phraseology and communication procedures
Receipt,
acknowledgment and compliance with ATC clearances and instructions
Procedures
if radio fails
ATC light
signals
Common
errors
Using improper frequencies
Using improper procedures and phraseology during voice communications
Failure to acknowledge or comply with ATC clearances and instructions
Failure to understand or properly comply with ATC light signals
Traffic patterns
Operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports
Adhering to traffic pattern procedures, instructions and rules
Maintaining proper spacing from other traffic
Maintaining the proper ground track
Avoiding wind shear and wake turbulence
Maintaining orientation with the runway
Traffic pattern altitudes +/- 50 feet
Traffic pattern airspeeds +/- 5 Kts
Completing the prelanding checklist
Establishing a final approach at an appropriate distance from the runway
Use of check-list
Common errors
Failure to comply with pattern instructions, procedures,
and rules
Improper correction for wind drift
Inadequate spacing from other traffic
Poor altitude/airspeed control
Airport and runway markings and lighting
Identifying and interpreting airport runway and taxiway markings
Identifying and interpreting airport runway and taxiway lighting
Normal and crosswind takeoff and climb
Reviewing wind conditions
Takeoff hazards
The use of wing flaps
Aligning the airplane with the centerline
Positioning the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions
Power application to takeoff power
Maintaining directional control and wind drift
Crosswind control techniques during acceleration
Lift-off attitude and airspeed
Climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (Vy)
Crosswind control techniques and tracking during initial climb
Retracting gear and flaps
Use of checklist
Common errors
Improper initial positioning of flight controls
Improper
power application
Removing
hand from the throttle
Poor directional
control
Improper
use of ailerons
Improper
pitch attitude at lift-off
Improper
climb configuration and airspeed
Drifting
off track during the climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Reviewing
wind conditions
Takeoff
and climbing hazards, especially obstacles
The use
of wing flaps
Positioning
and aligning the airplane for minimum runway
Positioning
the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions
Power application
to takeoff power
Maintaining
directional control and wind drift
Crosswind
control techniques during acceleration
Lift-off
attitude and airspeed
Climb attitude,
power setting, and airspeed (Vx) until obstacle is cleared
Crosswind
control techniques and tracking during initial climb
Retracting
gear and flaps
Use of
checklist
Common
errors
Not positioning
for maximum use of available runway
Improper
initial positioning of flight controls
Improper
power application
Removing
hand from the throttle
Poor directional
control
Improper
use of brakes
Improper
pitch attitude at lift-off
Improper
climb configuration and airspeed
Drifting
off track during the climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
The transfer
of weight from the nose gear to wings as rapidly as possible
Reviewing
wind conditions and takeoff surface
The use
of wing flaps
Aligning
the airplane for takeoff without stopping
Positioning
the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions
Power application
to takeoff power
Maintaining
directional control and wind drift
Crosswind
control techniques during acceleration
Lift-off
attitude and airspeed
Climb attitude,
power setting, and airspeed (Vy)
Crosswind
control techniques and tracking during initial climb
Retracting
gear and flaps
Use of
checklist
Common
errors
Improper
initial positioning of flight controls or flaps
Allowing
airplane to stop prior to takeoff roll
Improper
power application
Removing
hand from the throttle
Poor directional
control
Improper
use of brakes
Improper
pitch attitude at lift-off
Settling
back to takeoff surface after liftoff
Improper
climb configuration and airspeed
Drifting
off track during the climb
Straight and
level flight
The effect and
use of flight controls
The integrated
flight instruction method
Using outside
and instrument references for pitch, bank, and
power control
Cross checking
and interpreting these references
Using the
proper control techniques
Trim technique
Overcoming
tenseness and overcontrolling
Common errors
Failure
to crosscheck and interpret outside and
instrument references
Applying control
movements rather than pressures
Uncoordinated
use of flight controls
Faulty
trim technique
Level turns
The effect and
use of the flight controls
The integrated
flight instruction method
Using outside
and instrument references for pitch, bank, and
power control
Cross checking
and interpreting these references
Using the
proper control techniques
Trim technique
Overcoming
tenseness and overcontrolling
Common
errors
Failure
to crosscheck and interpret outside and
instrument references
Applying control
movements rather than pressures
Uncoordinated
use of flight controls
Faulty
altitude and bank control
Straight climbs
and climbing turns
The effect and
use of the flight controls
The integrated
flight instruction method
Using outside
and instrument references for pitch, bank,
and power control
Cross checking
and interpreting these references
Using the
proper control techniques
Trim technique
Overcoming
tenseness and overcontrolling
Common
errors
Failure
to crosscheck and interpret outside and
instrument references
Applying control
movements rather than pressures
Improper
correction for torque effect
Faulty
trim technique
Straight descents
and descending turns (PTSFIASEL-VIIID)
The effect and
use of the flight controls
The integrated
flight instruction method
Using outside
and instrument references for pitch, bank, and
power control
Cross checking
and interpreting these references
Using the
proper control techniques
Trim technique
Overcoming
tenseness and overcontrolling
Common
errors
Failure
to crosscheck and interpret outside and
instrument references
Applying control
movements rather than pressures
Uncoordinated
use of flight controls
Faulty
trim technique
Failure
to clear engine and use carburetor heat as
appropriate
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Determining landing
performance and limitations
Configuration,
power, and trim
Considering
obstructions and hazards
Establishing
a stabilized approach to the selected landing area at the
recommended airspeed
Coordination
of flight controls
Maintaining
a precise ground track
Avoiding
wind shear and wake turbulence
Crosswind
techniques
Proper
timing, judgment, and control technique during the roundout and
touchdown
Directional control
after touchdown
Use of
brakes
Use of
checklist
Common
errors
Improper
use of landing performance data and limitations
Failure
to establish approach and landing configuration at the proper time
or in the proper
sequence
Failure to establish
and maintain a stabilized approach
Inappropriate
removal of hand from throttle
Improper
technique for roundout and touchdown
Poor directional
control after touchdown
Improper
use of brakes
Forward slip
to landing
Configuration,
power, and trim
Considering
obstructions and hazards
Establishing
a stabilized slip at the appropriate airspeed to the selected
landing area
Possible airspeed
indicator errors
Proper
application of flight controls
Maintaining
a precise ground track while slipping
Effect
and avoiding wind shear and wake turbulence
Proper
timing, judgment, and control technique during the roundout and
touchdown
Directional control
after touchdown
Use of
brakes
Use of
checklist
Common
errors
Improper
use of landing performance data and limitations
Failure
to establish approach and landing configuration at the proper
time or in the
proper sequence
Failure to establish
and maintain a stabilized slip
Inappropriate
removal of hand from throttle
Improper
technique during transition from slip to roundout and touchdown
Poor directional
control after touchdown
Improper
use of brakes
Go-around
Situations where
a go-around is necessary
Making
the timely decision
Application
of takeoff power when go-around decision is made
Establishing
proper pitch attitude
Flap retraction
Use of
trim
Gear retraction
Establishing climb speed Vy within +/- 5 kts
Maintaining proper track and obstruction clearance
Use of
checklist
Common
errors
Failure
to recognize when a go-around is necessary
Delaying
decision to go-around
Improper
power application
Failure
to control pitch attitude
Failure
to compensate for torque
Improper
trim technique
Failure
to maintain proper airspeed
Improper
flap and/or flap retraction
Failure
to maintain ground track during climb out
Failure to maintain clearance from obstructions and
traffic
Short field approach
and landing
Determining landing
performance and limitations
Configuration
and trim
Use of
pitch and power to maintain desired approach angle
Considering
obstructions and hazards
Effect
of wind
Selecting
a suitable touchdown point
Maintaining
the stabilized approach and recommended airspeed
within
+/- 5 kts.
Coordination of flight controls
Maintaining a
precise ground track
Proper
timing, judgment, and control technique during the
roundout and touchdown
Directional
control after touchdown
Use of
brakes
Use of
checklist
Common
errors
Improper
use of landing performance data and limitations
Failure
to establish approach and landing configuration at the proper
time or in the
proper sequence
Failure to establish
and maintain a stabilized approach
Improper
technique in use of power, flaps and trim
Inappropriate
removal of hand from throttle
Improper
technique during transition from slip to roundout and touchdown
Poor directional
control after touchdown
Improper
use of brakes
Soft-field approach
and landing
Determining landing
performance and limitations
Configuration
and trim
Considering
obstructions and hazards
Effect
of wind
Selecting
a suitable touchdown point
Maintaining
the stabilized approach and recommended airspeed
within +/- 5 kts.
Coordination of flight controls
Maintaining a precise ground track
Proper
timing, judgment, and control technique during the roundout
and touchdown
Touching down
in a nose high attitude at the minimum safe speed
Use of
power during the touchdown
Directional
control after touchdown
Use of
checklist
Common
errors
Improper
use of landing performance data and limitations
Failure
to establish approach and landing configuration at the proper
time or in the
proper sequence
Failure to establish
and maintain a stabilized approach
Failure
to consider effect of wind and landing surface
Improper
technique in use of power, flaps and trim
Inappropriate
removal of hand from throttle
Improper
technique during roundout and touchdown
Failure
to hold back elevator after landing
Closing
throttle too soon after touchdown
Poor directional
control after touchdown
Improper
use of brakes
Postflight procedures
After
landing procedures including local and ATC procedures
Parking
while considering wind conditions and obstacles
Ramp safety,
parking hand signals
Procedures
for shutdown
Deplaning
passengers
Securing
airplane
Postflight
inspection
Refueling
Completion
of checklist
Pilot
logbook and flight record entries
Common
errors
Failure to follow recommended procedures
Poor planning, improper technique, or faulty judgment in performance
of postflight procedures
LESSON 3 (1 hr):
AIRPORT/FLIGHT OPERATIONS PERFORMANCE
The visual inspection
Cockpit management
Engine starting
Taxiing
Pretakeoff check
Traffic patterns
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Straight and
level flight
Level turns
Straight climbs
and climbing turns
Straight descents
and descending turns
Normal/crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 4 (1 hr):
STALL AND SPIN MANEUVERS
Engine starting
Taxiing
Pretakeoff check
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Power-on stalls
Aerodynamics
of
power-on stalls
Relationship
of the various factors such as landing gear, flaps, weight, center of
gravity, load
factor, and bank angle to stall speed
Flight situations
where an unintentional power-on stall may occur
Recognition
of the first indication of stall
Power-on
stalls in climbing flight (straight and turning)
Entry technique
and minimum altitude
Coordination
of flight controls
Recover
with minimum loss of altitude
Common
errors
Improper
configuration prior to entry
Improper
pitch, heading, and bank control (straight ahead)
Improper
pitch and bank control (turning)
Rough
or uncoordinated control technique
Failure
to recognize first stall indication
Failure
to achieve a stall
Improper
torque correction
Poor stall
recognition and late recovery
Excessive
altitude loss
Secondary stall during the recovery
Power-off stalls
Aerodynamics
of power-off stalls
Relationship
of the various factors such as landing gear, flaps, weight, center
of
gravity, load
factor, and bank angle to stall speed
Flight situations
where an unintentional power-off stall may occur
Recognition
of the first indication of stall
Power-off
stalls in descent flight (straight and turning)
Entry technique
and minimum altitude
Coordination
of flight controls
Recover
with minimum loss of altitude
Common
errors
Improper
configuration prior to entry
Improper
pitch, heading, and bank control (straight ahead)
Improper
pitch and bank control (turning)
Rough
or uncoordinated control technique
Failure
to recognize first stall indication
Failure
to achieve a stall
Improper
torque correction
Poor stall
recognition and late recovery
Excessive
altitude loss
Secondary stall during the recovery
Cross-control
stalls
Aerodynamics
of cross-control stalls
Affects
of crossed controls in gliding or reduced airspeed descending turns
Hazards
of crossed controls in a base to final turn
Entry technique
and minimum altitude
Recognition
of the first indication of stall
Flight situations where an unintentional cross-control stall may occur
Recover
with minimum loss of altitude
Common
errors
Improper
configuration prior to entry
Failure to establish cross-control turn and stall condition that adequately
demonstrates
stall
Improper or inadequate
demonstration of the recognition and recovery
Failure
to present instruction that emphasizes the hazards of a crossed
control condition
in a gliding or reduced airspeed condition
Improper pitch,
heading, and bank control (straight ahead)
Improper
pitch and bank control (turning)
Rough
or uncoordinated control technique
Failure
to recognize first stall indication
Failure
to achieve a stall
Improper torque correction
Poor stall recognition
and late recovery
Excessive altitude
loss
Secondary stall
during the recovery
Elevator trim
stalls
Aerodynamics
of cross-control stalls
Hazards
of inadequate control pressures to compensate for thrust, torque,
and up-elevator
trim during go-arounds and other maneuvers
Entry technique
and minimum altitude
Recognition
of the first indication of stall
Immediate
recovery when stall is recognized
Flight situations where an unintentional cross-control stall may occur
Recovery
with minimum loss of altitude
Common
errors
Improper
configuration prior to entry
Failure to establish the thrust, torque, and up-elevator trim conditions
for a
realistic demonstration
Improper or inadequate
demonstration of the recognition
and recovery
Failure to present
instruction that emphasizes the hazards of poor
correction for
torque and up-elevator trim during go-arounds
Secondary stalls
Aerodynamics
of cross-control stalls
Flight situations where an unintentional cross-control stall may
occur
Hazards
of secondary stalls during stall and spin recoveries
Entry technique
and minimum altitude
Recognition
of the first indication of stall
Recovery
with minimum loss of altitude
Common
errors
Improper
configuration prior to entry
Improper
or inadequate demonstration of the recognition and recovery
Failure
to establish a condition that will cause a secondary stall
Failure
to present instruction that emphasizes the hazards of poor
technique in
recovering from a primary stall
12. Spins
Aerodynamics
of the spin
Airplanes
approved for spins based on category and airworthiness certificate
Relationship
of various factors such as configuration, weight, CG, and control
coordination
to spins
Flight situations
where an unintentional spin may occur
Recognizing
and recovering from an imminent, unintentional spin
Entry technique
and minimum altitude
Control
technique for maintaining the spin
Orientation
during the spin
Recovery
technique for minimum altitude loss
Coping
with the anxiety of the spin
Common
errors
Failure
to establish proper configuration prior to entry
Failure
to achieve and maintain a stall during entry
Failure
to close throttle during the entry
Failure
to recognize the indications of an imminent, unintentional spin
Improper
use of flight controls during the entry, rotation, or recovery
Disorientation
Failure
to recognize the difference between a spin and a high-speed spiral
Excessive
speed or accelerated stall during the recovery
Failure
to recover with minimum loss of altitude
Attempting to spin an airplane not approved for spins
Maneuvering during
slow flight
Relationship
of configuration, weight, CG, Maneuvering loads, bank angle, and
power to the
flight characteristics and controllability
Relationship
of the maneuver to critical flight situations, such as go-arounds
Performance
of the maneuver with various landing gear and flap configurations
during straight
and level and turning flight
Specified airspeed
for the maneuver
Coordination
of the flight controls
Trim technique
Re-established
cruise flight
Common
errors
Failure
to establish proper entry configuration
Improper
entry technique
Failure
to establish and maintain specified airspeed
Excessive
variations of altitude, heading, and bank when they are specified
Rough
or uncoordinated control technique
Faulty
trim technique
Unintentional
stall
Inappropriate
removal of hand from the throttle
Normal/crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 5 (1 hr):
PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
Taxiing
Pretakeoff check
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Steep turns
Relationship
of bank angle, load factor, and stalling speed
Overbanking
tendency
Torque
effect in right and left turns
Selecting
proper entry altitude to recover above 3,000 feet
Coordination
of flight controls
Differential
wing drag
Establishing
the recommended entry airspeed within +/- 5 kts
Entering
the turn with a 50 degree bank +/- 5 degrees followed by a 360 degree turn
Dividing
attention between airplane control and orientation
Altitude,
bank, and power control during the turn
Rolling
out on entry heading within +/- 5 degrees
Maintaining
altitude within +/-10 feet
Common
errors
Improper
pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry and rollout
Uncoordinated
use of flight controls
Inappropriate
control applications
Correcting
for altitude deviations improperly
Loss of
orientation
Excessive
deviation from desired heading during the
rollout
Chandelles
Selection of
suitable entry altitude
Entry airspeed
and power setting
Entry technique,
including power application
Division
of attention and planning
Coordination
of flight controls
Pitch and
bank attitudes at various points during the maneuver
Correction
for torque in left and right maneuvers
Achieving
the maximum performance
Completion
technique
Common errors
Improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during the entry and
completion
Uncoordinated
use of flight controls
Improper planning
and timing of pitch and bank attitude changes
Failure to achieve
maximum performance
Stalling during
the maneuver
Excessive deviation
from desired heading during the completion
Lazy eight
Selection of
suitable entry altitude
Selection
of reference points
Entry airspeed
and power setting
Entry technique
Orientation,
division of attention, and planning
Coordination
of flight controls
Pitch and
bank attitudes at various points during the maneuver
Consistent
airspeed and altitude control at key points during
the maneuver
Correction for
torque in left and right maneuvers
Loop symmetry
Making
constant rate pitch and bank attitude changes throughout the maneuver
Common errors
Poor selection
of reference points
Uncoordinated
use of flight controls
Unsymmetrical
loops resulting from poorly planned pitch and bank
attitude changes
Inconsistent
altitude and airspeed at key points
Loss of
orientation
Excessive
deviation from reference points
Normal/crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 6 (1 hr):
PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
Taxiing
Pretakeoff check
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
Normal/crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 7 (1 hr):
GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
Taxiing
Pretakeoff check
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eight
Normal/crosswind
approach and landing
Rectangular course
(PTSFIASEL-XIIA)
Selecting the
entry altitude
Selecting
the ground reference with consideration to an emergency landing
Maintaining orientation, division of attention, and planning
Entry configuration and airspeed
Relationship
to a rectangular course to an airport traffic pattern
Wind drift correction
Maintaining desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from ground
reference line Timing turn entries and rollouts
Coordinating
flight controls
Common errors
Poor planning, orientation, or division of attention
Uncoordinated
flight control application
Improper drift
correction
Failure to maintain
altitude or airspeed
Selecting a ground
reference where there is no suitable emergency
landing area
within gliding distance
S-turns across
a road (PTSFIASEL-XIIB)
Selecting a suitable
altitude
Selecting the ground reference with consideration to an emergency
landing
Maintaining orientation, division of attention, and planning
Entry configuration and airspeed
Wind drift correction
Tracking semicircles of equal radii on either side of the ground reference
line
Maintaining desired altitude and airspeed
Turn reversal over the reference ground line
Coordination of flight controls
Common errors
Faulty entry technique
Poor planning, orientation, or division of attention
Uncoordinated
flight control application
Improper drift
correction
An unsymmetrical
ground track
Failure to maintain
altitude or airspeed
Selecting a ground
reference where there is no suitable emergency
landing area
within gliding distance
Turns about a
point
Selecting a suitable altitude
Selecting the ground reference with consideration to an emergency landing
Maintaining orientation, division of attention, and planning
Entry configuration and airspeed
Entry technique
Wind drift correction
Tracking semicircles of equal radii on either side of the ground reference
line
Maintaining desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from reference point
Coordination of flight controls
Common errors
Faulty entry technique
Poor planning, orientation, or division of attention
Uncoordinated flight control application
Improper drift correction
Failure to maintain altitude or airspeed
Selecting a ground reference where there is no suitable emergency landing
area within gliding distance
Eights on pylons
Determining the
approximate pivotal altitude
Selecting
suitable pylons with consideration for emergency landing areas
Maintaining
orientation, division of attention, and planning
Entry configuration
and airspeed
Relationship
of groundspeed change to the performance of the maneuver
The pilot's
line of sight on the pylon
Entry technique
Maintaining
line of sight on the pylon
Timing
the turn entries and rollout
Correcting
for drift between pylons
Coordination
of flight controls
Common
errors
Faulty
entry technique
Poor planning, orientation, or division of attention
Uncoordinated flight control application
Use of improper line of sight reference
Application of rudder alone to maintain line of sight on the pylons
Improper timing of turn entries and rollouts
Improper correction for wind drift
Selecting a ground reference pylons where there is no suitable
emergency landing
area within gliding distance
Normal/crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 8 (1 hr):
GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
Rectangular course
S-turns across
a road
Turns about a
point
Eights on pylons
Normal/crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
LESSON 9 (1 hr):
INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS
Straight and
level flight
Instrument crosscheck,
instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
Instruments
used for pitch, bank, and power control
Trim technique
Common
errors
Fixation,
omission, and emphasis errors during the crosscheck
Improper
instrument interpretation
Improper
control applications
Failure
to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during
altitude, heading,
or airspeed corrections
Faulty trim technique
Straight and
constant airspeed climbs
Instrument crosscheck,
instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
Instruments
used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the
climb and during
the level-off and how those instruments are used to
maintain climb
heading and airspeed
Trim technique
Common
errors
Fixation,
omission, and emphasis errors during the crosscheck
Improper
instrument interpretation
Improper
control applications
Failure
to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during
altitude, heading,
or airspeed corrections
Improper entry
or level-off technique
Faulty
trim technique
Straight and
constant airspeed descents
Instrument crosscheck,
instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
Instruments
used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the
descent and during
the level-off and how those instruments are used to
maintain descent
heading and airspeed
Trim technique
Common
errors
Fixation, omission,
and emphasis errors during the crosscheck
Improper
instrument interpretation
Improper
control applications
Failure
to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during
altitude, heading,
or airspeed corrections
Improper entry
or level-off technique
Faulty
trim technique
Turns to headings
Instrument crosscheck,
instrument interpretation, and aircraft control
Instruments
used for pitch, bank, and power control during turn entry, during the
turn and during
the roll-out and how those instruments are used
Trim technique
Common
errors
Fixation,
omission, and emphasis errors during the crosscheck
Improper
instrument interpretation
Improper
control applications
Failure
to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during
altitude, heading,
or airspeed corrections
Improper entry
or roll-out technique
Faulty
trim technique
Recovery from
unusual attitudes
Conditions and
situations that may result in an unusual flight attitude
The two basic
unusual flight attitudes
Nose high
(climbing turn)
Nose low
(descending turn)
Recognizing an
unusual attitude
Control
sequence for recovery from nose-high attitude and reasons for that
sequence
Control sequence
for recovery from nose-low attitude and reasons for that
sequence
Reasons why recovery
should be coordinated
Common
errors
Failure
to recognize the unusual attitude
Attempting
to recover by feel rather than by instrument indications
Inappropriate
control applications
Failure
to recognize during the recovery when the airplane is passing
through level
flight
Radio aids and
radar services
Situations that
would require the use of radio aids or radar assistance
Available
radio aids and radar services
Determining
the minimum safe altitude
Procedures
for using a radio aid or radar service
Common
errors
Delaying
the use of a radio aid or in obtaining radar assistance
Failing
to properly control the airplane
Failure
to properly select, tune, or identify a radio facility
Failure
to maintain a safe altitude
LESSON 10 (1 hr):
AVIATION SAFETY
Emergency approach
and landing (PTSFIASEL-XIIIA)
Establishing
glide speed and configuration
Selecting
a suitable landing area
Planning
and executing the approach
Use of
checklist
Trouble
shooting malfunction
Division of attention
between flying the approach and accomplishing
the emergency
checklist
Techniques to
compensate for under or over shooting the selected landing area
Common
errors
Improper
airspeed control
Poor judgment
in selecting landing area
Failure
to estimate the approximate wind speed and direction
Failure
to fly a suitable pattern for the situation
Failure
to accomplish checklist items
Under
or over shooting landing area
Systems and equipment
malfunctions
Smoke, fire,
or both during ground and flight operations
Rough running
engine or partial power loss
Loss of
oil pressure
Fuel starvation
High oil
temperature
Engine
overheat
Hydraulic
system malfunction
Electrical
system malfunction
Carburetor
or induction icing
Door or
window opening in flight
Inoperative
or runaway trim
Landing
gear or flap malfunction
Brake failure
Pressurization
malfunction
Any system
or equipment malfunction of training airplane
Emergency equipment
Location in airplane
Method
of operation
Servicing
requirements
Method
of safe storage
Survival gear
Gear appropriate
for operations in various climates
Location
in airplane
Method
of operation
Servicing
requirements
Method
of safe storage
Proper use and/or
adjustment of such cockpit items as safety belts, shoulder
harness, rudder
pedals, and seats
Occupant briefing
on emergency procedures and use of safety belts
Airplane servicing
requirements and procedures for
Fuel
Oil
Tires
Battery
LESSON 11 (1 hr
ORAL): STAGE ONE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
The flight designated
examiner may select oral quiz items from the following practical test standard
areas:
Aeromedical factors
Visual scanning
and collision avoidance
Use of distractions
during flight training
Principles of
flight
Elevators, ailerons
and rudder
Trim devices
Wing flaps
Airplane weight
and balance
Navigation and
flight planning
Night operations
High altitude
operations
Federal Aviation
Regulations
Minimum Equipment
List (MEL)
Aviation publications
The national
airspace system
Logbook entries
and certificate endorsements
Certificates
and documents
Weather information
Operation of
systems
Performance and
limitations
The visual inspection
Cockpit management
Engine starting
Taxiing
Pretakeoff check
Radio communications
and ATC light signals
Traffic patterns
Airport and runway
markings and lighting
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Straight and
level flight
Level turns
Straight climbs
and climbing turns
Straight descents
and descending turns
Power-on stalls
Power-off stalls
Cross-control
stalls
Elevator trim
stalls
Secondary stalls
Spins
Maneuvering during
slow flight
Straight and
level flight
Straight and
constant airspeed climbs
Straight and
constant airspeed descents
Turns to headings
Recovery from
unusual attitudes
Radio aids and
radar services
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
Rectangular course
S-turns across
a road
Turns about a
point
Eights on pylons
Emergency approach
and landing
Systems and equipment
malfunctions
Emergency equipment
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 12 (1 hr):
STAGE ONE FLIGHT CHECK
The designated
flight examiner may select oral quiz and flight check operations and maneuvers
from the following Practical Test Standard elements:
AREA II: Technical
subject areas
Aeromedical factors
Visual
scanning and collision avoidance
Use of
distractions during flight training
Principles
of flight
Elevators,
ailerons, and rudder
Trim devices
Wing flaps
Weight
and balance
Navigation
and flight planning
Night operations
High altitude
operations
Federal
Aviation Regulations
Use of
the Minimum Equipment List
Publications
National
Airspace System
Logbook
entries and certificate endorsements
AREA III: Preflight
preparation
Certificates
and documents
Weather
information
Operation
of systems
Performance
and limitations
AREA V: Ground
operations
Visual inspection
Cockpit
management
Engine
starting
Taxiing
Pretakeoff
check
AREA VI: Airport
operations
Radio communications
and ATC light signals
Traffic
patterns
Airport
and runway markings and lighting
AREA VII: Takeoff
and climbs
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field
takeoff and climb
Soft-field
takeoff and climb
AREA VIII: Fundamentals
of flight
Straight-and-level
flight
Level turns
Straight
climbs and climbing turns
Straight
descents and descending turns
AREA IX: Stalls,
spins, and maneuvering during slow flight
Power-on
Stalls
Power-off
stalls
Crossed-control
stalls
Elevator
trim Stalls
Secondary
stall
Spins
Maneuvering
during slow flight
AREA X: Basic
instrument maneuvers
Straight-and-level
flight
Straight,
constant airspeed climbs
Straight,
constant airspeed descents
Turns to
headings
Recovery
from unusual flight attitudes
Radio aids
and radar services
AREA XI: Performance
maneuvers
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
AREA XII: Ground
reference maneuvers
Rectangular
course
S-turns
across a road
Turns about
a point
Eights
on pylons
AREA XIII: Emergency
operations
Emergency
approach and landing
System
and equipment malfunctions
Emergency
equipment and survival gear
AREA XIV: Approaches
and landings
Normal
and crosswind approach and landing
Forward
slip to a landing
Go-around
Short field
approach and landing
Soft-fields
approach and landing
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PROFESSIONAL
AVIATION 410
STAGE
TWO FLIGHT TRAINING
PRACTICE
INSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION
This course outline is provided for course reference and student outside study purposes only. The official reference regarding Louisiana Tech flight courses is contained in the appropriate FAA approved Training Course Outlines (TCO). These TCO's are available for purchase at the Department of Professional Aviation office.
LESSON 1 (1.5
hr ORAL): PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED
The student instructor
will present a preflight briefing on selected maneuvers by:
Stating the purpose
Giving an accurate,
comprehensive oral description, including the elements and
common errors
Using instructional
aids, as appropriate
Describing the
recognition, analysis, and correction of common errors
AREA VII: Takeoff
and climbs
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field
takeoff and climb
Soft-field
takeoff and climb
AREA VIII: Fundamentals
of flight
Straight-and-level
flight
Level turns
Straight
climbs and climbing turns
Straight
descents and descending turns
AREA IX: Stalls,
spins, and maneuvering during slow flight
Power-on Stalls
Power-off
stalls
Crossed-control
stalls
Elevator
trim Stalls
Secondary
stall
Spins
Maneuvering
during slow flight
AREA X: Basic
instrument maneuvers
Straight-and-level
flight
Straight,
constant airspeed climbs
Straight,
constant airspeed descents
Turns to
headings
Recovery
from unusual flight attitudes
Radio aids
and radar services
AREA XI: Performance
maneuvers
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
AREA XII: Ground
reference maneuvers
Rectangular course
S-turns
across a road
Turns about
a point
Eights
on pylons
AREA XIII: Emergency
operations
Emergency
approach and landing
System
and equipment malfunctions
Emergency
equipment and survival gear
AREA XIV: Approaches
and landings
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward
slip to a landing
Go-around
Short field
approach and landing
Soft-field
approach and landing
LESSON 2 (1 hr)
TAKEOFF AND CLIMBS
The transition
to the right seat
Review of the
TCO requirements
Flight
and power control (opposite hands)
Safety
considerations
Setting
the right example
Use of
the checklist
The training
course outline
Lesson
plans
Instructional
briefing guides and instructional aids
The structure
of the flight training lessons
Safety
considerations
The transfer
of airplane control
The integrated
method of instruction
Visual scanning
and collision avoidance
Minimum Equipment
List (MEL)
The visual inspection
Cockpit management
Engine starting
Taxiing
Pretakeoff check
Radio communications
and ATC light signals
Traffic patterns
Airport and runway
markings and lighting
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
LESSON 3 (1 hr):
APPROACHES AND LANDINGS
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Traffic patterns
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 4 (1 hr):
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT
CONTENT: Demonstration
and simultaneous explanation of
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Straight and
level flight
Level turns
Straight climbs
and climbing turns
Straight descents
and descending turns
Traffic patterns
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 5 (1 hr):
STALLS, SPINS, AND SLOW FLIGHT
Demonstration
and simultaneous explanation of
Power-on stalls
Power-off stalls
Cross-control
stalls
Elevator trim
stalls
Secondary stalls
Spins
Maneuvering during
slow flight
LESSON 6 (1 hr):
BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS
Demonstration
and simultaneous explanation of
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Straight and
level flight
Straight and
constant airspeed climbs
Straight and
constant airspeed descents
Turns to headings
Recovery from
unusual attitudes
Traffic patterns
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 7 (2 hr):
PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
Demonstration
and explanation of
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
Straight and
level flight
Straight and
constant airspeed climbs
Straight and
constant airspeed descents
Turns to headings
Recovery from
unusual attitudes
Traffic patterns
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 8 (2 hr):
GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
CONTENT: Demonstration
and explanation of
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field takeoff
and climb
Soft-field takeoff
and climb
Rectangular course
S-turns across
a road
Turns about a
point
Eights on pylons
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
Straight and
level flight
Straight and
constant airspeed climbs
Straight and
constant airspeed descents
Turns to headings
Recovery from
unusual attitudes
Traffic patterns
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward slip
to landing
Go-around
Short field approach
and landing
Soft-field approach
and landing
Postflight procedures
LESSON 9 (2 hr):
EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
Operating procedures
and limitations
Primary flight
controls and trim
Flaps,
leading edge and spoilers.
Powerplant
Propeller
Landing
Gear
Fuel, oil,
and hydraulic systems
Electrical
system
Pitot static
system, vacuum system, and flight instruments
Environmental
system
Deicing
and anti-icing systems
Avionics
systems
Systems malfunctions
and emergencies
Engine failure
after takeoff.
Smoke or
fire during flight and ground operations
Smoke and
fume elimination.
Rough running
engine
Engine
fire.
Low oil
pressure.
Loss of
engine oil pressure
High oil
temperature
Fuel starvation
Partial
power loss.
Engine
failure at altitude.
Engine
overheat
Hydraulic
system malfunctions
Electrical
system malfunctions and fire.
Carburetor
and induction icing
Door or
window open in flight
Inoperative
or runaway trim
Landing
gear and flap malfunction
Brake failure
Airplane servicing
Fuel
Oil
Battery
Tires
Landing
gear
Emergency
locator
Cold weather
operations
Emergency approach
and landing
Emergency equipment
and survival gear
Safety considerations
of cockpit management
LESSON 10 (1 hr):
THE BIENNIAL FLIGHT REVIEW
CONTENT: The
student instructor may select oral quiz and flight check operations from
the following Practical Test Standard elements:
AREA II: Technical
subject areas
Aeromedical factors
Visual
scanning and collision avoidance
Use of
distractions during flight training
Principles
of flight
Elevators,
ailerons, and rudder
Trim devices
Wing flaps
Weight
and balance
Navigation
and flight planning
Night operations
High altitude
operations
Federal
Aviation Regulations
Use of
the Minimum Equipment List
Publications
National
Airspace System
Logbook
entries and certificate endorsements
AREA III: Preflight
preparation
Certificates
and documents
Weather
information
Operation
of systems
Performance
and limitations
AREA V: Ground
operations
Visual inspection
Cockpit
management
Engine
starting
Taxiing
Pretakeoff
check
AREA VI: Airport
operations
Radio communications
and ATC light signals
Traffic
patterns
Airport
and runway markings and lighting
AREA VII: Takeoff
and climbs
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field
takeoff and climb
Soft-field
takeoff and climb
AREA VIII: Fundamentals
of flight
Straight-and-level
flight
Level turns
Straight
climbs and climbing turns
Straight
descents and descending turns
AREA IX: Stalls,
spins, and maneuvering during slow flight
Power-on Stalls
Power-off
stalls
Crossed-control
stalls
Elevator
trim Stalls
Secondary
stall
Spins
Maneuvering
during slow flight
AREA X: Basic
instrument maneuvers
Straight-and-level
flight
Straight,
constant airspeed climbs
Straight,
constant airspeed descents
Turns to
headings
Recovery
from unusual flight attitudes
Radio aids
and radar services
AREA XI: Performance
maneuvers
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
AREA XII: Ground
reference maneuvers
Rectangular course
S-turns
across a road
Turns about
a point
Eights
on pylons
AREA XIII: Emergency
operations
Emergency approach
and landing
System
and equipment malfunctions
Emergency
equipment and survival gear
AREA XIV: Approaches
and landings
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward
slip to a landing
Go-around
Short field
approach and landing
Soft-field
approach and landing
LESSON 11 (1 hr):
STAGE TWO PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
The designated
flight examiner may select oral quiz operations and maneuvers from the
following Practical Test Standard elements:
AREA II: Technical
subject areas
Aeromedical factors
Visual
scanning and collision avoidance
Use of
distractions during flight training
Principles
of flight
Elevators,
ailerons, and rudder
Trim devices
Wing flaps
Weight
and balance
Navigation
and flight planning
Night operations
High altitude
operations
Federal
Aviation Regulations
Use of
the Minimum Equipment List
Publications
National
Airspace System
Logbook
entries and certificate endorsements
AREA III: Preflight
preparation
Certificates
and documents
Weather
information
Operation
of systems
Performance
and limitations
AREA V: Ground
operations
Visual inspection
Cockpit
management
Engine
starting
Taxiing
Pretakeoff
check
AREA VI: Airport
operations
Radio communications
and ATC light signals
Traffic
patterns
Airport
and runway markings and lighting
AREA VII: Takeoff
and climbs
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field
takeoff and climb
Soft-field
takeoff and climb
AREA VIII: Fundamentals
of flight
Straight-and-level
flight
Level turns
Straight
climbs and climbing turns
Straight
descents and descending turns
AREA IX: Stalls,
spins, and maneuvering during slow flight
Power-on Stalls
Power-off
stalls
Crossed-control
stalls
Elevator
trim Stalls
Secondary
stall
Spins
Maneuvering
during slow flight
AREA X: Basic
instrument maneuvers
Straight-and-level
flight
Straight,
constant airspeed climbs
Straight,
constant airspeed descents
Turns to
headings
Recovery
from unusual flight attitudes
Radio aids
and radar services
AREA XI: Performance
maneuvers
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
AREA XII: Ground
reference maneuvers
Rectangular course
S-turns
across a road
Turns about
a point
Eights
on pylons
AREA XIII: Emergency
operations
Emergency approach
and landing
System
and equipment malfunctions
Emergency
equipment and survival gear
AREA XIV: Approaches
and landings
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward
slip to a landing
Go-around
Short field
approach and landing
Soft-field
approach and landing
LESSON 12 (1 hr):
STAGE TWO FLIGHT CHECK
The designated
flight examiner may select oral quiz and flight check operations and
maneuvers from the following Practical Test Standard elements:
AREA II: Technical
subject areas
Aeromedical factors
Visual
scanning and collision avoidance
Use of
distractions during flight training
Principles
of flight
Elevators,
ailerons, and rudder
Trim devices
Wing flaps
Weight
and balance
Navigation
and flight planning
Night operations
High altitude
operations
Federal
Aviation Regulations
Use of
the Minimum Equipment List
Publications
National
Airspace System
Logbook
entries and certificate endorsements
AREA III: Preflight
preparation
Certificates
and documents
Weather
information
Operation
of systems
Performance
and limitations
AREA V: Ground
operations
Visual inspection
Cockpit
management
Engine
starting
Taxiing
Pretakeoff
check
AREA VI: Airport
operations
Radio communications
and ATC light signals
Traffic
patterns
Airport
and runway markings and lighting
AREA VII: Takeoff
and climbs
Normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb
Short-field
takeoff and climb
Soft-field
takeoff and climb
AREA VIII: Fundamentals
of flight
Straight-and-level
flight
Level turns
Straight
climbs and climbing turns
Straight
descents and descending turns
AREA IX: Stalls,
spins, and maneuvering during slow flight
Power-on Stalls
Power-off
stalls
Crossed-control
stalls
Elevator
trim Stalls
Secondary
stall
Spins
Maneuvering
during slow flight
AREA X: Basic
instrument maneuvers
Straight-and-level
flight
Straight,
constant airspeed climbs
Straight,
constant airspeed descents
Turns to
headings
Recovery
from unusual flight attitudes
Radio aids
and radar services
AREA XI: Performance
maneuvers
Steep turns
Chandelles
Lazy eights
AREA XII: Ground
reference maneuvers
Rectangular course
S-turns
across a road
Turns about
a point
Eights
on pylons
AREA XIII: Emergency
operations
Emergency approach
and landing
System
and equipment malfunctions
Emergency
equipment and survival gear
AREA XIV: Approaches
and landings
Normal and crosswind
approach and landing
Forward
slip to a landing
Go-around
Short field
approach and landing
Soft-field
approach and landing
